The more people use electric vehicles (EVs), the closer we get to carbon neutrality, and thankfully, sales for these vehicles have been growing worldwide in recent years. One issue that can occur with EVs, however, is the “electric corrosion” of the bearings that mount the various vital parts of the vehicle onto the motor—a serious issue, as it can lead to the breakdown of the vehicle. Fortunately, the ceramic balls Toshiba has developed for use in these bearings has succeeded in solving this issue.

 

Source:“Reference Material: Study Group on Structural Changes to Mobility and the Direction of Automobile Policies for 2030 and Beyond,” Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry

The Toshiba Materials ceramic balls are provided to polishing manufacturers, then bearing manufacturers, after which they are utilized primarily by European and U.S. automobile manufacturers. Toshiba’s expertise and technological ability, as well as its advanced AI-based quality inspections, is what makes this—and their 50% world market share^*—possible. Here, we take a look at the AI-based quality inspections Toshiba is using for these ceramic balls.

Toshiba’s patented, high-performance ceramic balls

Get in an EV for the first time, and you’ll feel for yourself the automobile of the future, and the ways in which it differs from a gasoline-powered vehicle. No characteristic roar of the engine, even when you floor the accelerator, and yet the car accelerates—smoothly, silently, powerfully. This distinctive feel is made possible by the motors, and the bearings that are essential to these motors.

 

“Bearings are parts in machines that allow shafts to rotate in a smooth manner. They’re comprised of an inner ring, a ball, and an outer ring.” So explains Katsuhiko Yamada of Toshiba Materials. The inner ring, ball, and outer ring of bearings are typically made of metal. The high power required of EV motors, however, can cause a phenomenon called electric corrosion, which has long been an issue with these bearings.

 

Schematic diagram of bearing

“The shaft is attached to the inner ring, with balls between the outer and inner rings. The balls are what allow the shaft to rotate in a smooth manner. The balls should always be in contact with the inner and outer rings, but there are inevitably tiny gaps that are created between the balls and the rings. When electricity passes through these gaps, the electrical discharge can cause sparks, which damages the balls. This is what’s called electrical corrosion. High-power motors are especially prone to electrical corrosion due to the shaft rotating so rapidly,” says Yamada.

 

Katsuhiko Yamada , Group Manager , Structural Ceramics Engineering Group , Structural Ceramics Manufacturing Dept.、Toshiba Materials Co., Ltd. 

Bearings cannot be easily replaced once a vehicle is assembled. In the U.S., bearings used in EVs are expected to be of high enough quality to withstand long distances. High-performance bearings would drive the widespread use of EVs, and contribute to the push towards carbon neutrality. The electrical corrosion phenomenon had hampered these efforts, but not anymore—therein lies the beauty of Toshiba’s ceramic balls.

 

What is it about ceramic balls that prevents electrical corrosion? “Ceramics are insulators, meaning they don’t conduct electricity,” Yamada explains. Ceramic balls, he continues, are also less than half the weight of metal, highly heat-resistant, and resistant to things like corrosion and rust caused by acids and alkalis.

 

Toshiba has been manufacturing ceramic balls for a very long time, starting all the way back in 1974, when the company acquired a patent for silicon nitride, the raw material used to make ceramic balls. While there were various materials that could be used to make these balls, including alumina, Toshiba stuck with silicon nitride specifically due to the lightweight, high-strength nature of the material.

 

“Toshiba ceramic balls were first implemented in bearings for machine tools in 1985, then in turbopumps for Space Shuttles in 1995, and in wind turbines in 2008. Nowadays, they’re also used in aircraft engines and medical equipment,” says Yamada.

 

Toshiba ceramic balls

It was in 2014, after the push towards carbon neutrality drove a dramatic increase in demand for EVs, that they were first implemented in EV motors. Toshiba supplies the ceramic balls primarily to European and U.S. manufacturers, and currently holds approximately 50% *of the market share for ceramic balls across the world. The reason Toshiba has been chosen by so many is, of course, the company’s reliability, backed as it is by its proven track record and technological capabilities.

Behind-the-scenes of Toshiba’s development of an AI-based quality inspection system

Increasing demand puts a substantial burden on the quality inspection side of the process. Initially, quality inspections for the ceramic balls consisted of visual inspections, conducted by inspectors who had passed in-house testing. The aging of experienced inspectors and recent labor shortages, however, resulted in urgent need for automatic inspection.

 

The first attempt using automatic inspection machine did not go very well. Yamada says, “The automatic inspection system was designed to capture images, evaluate the images, and flag defective products. But it wasn’t able to properly evaluate uneven coloring on the ceramic balls.” Part of the ceramics manufacturing process involves baking the material at high temperatures. While experienced human inspectors could intuitively identify small holes and other defects through subtle differences in color, this proved to be too difficult for machines.

 

“I’ll admit it now, but by that point I’d given up on the technology,” says Yamada with a wry smile. “I shelved it.” That is, until Toshiba’s Corporate Manufacturing Engineering Center came to the rescue.

 

Taisuke Washitani of the Corporate Manufacturing Engineering Center recalls the situation at the time. “At the time, we were promoting automation of manufacturing and inspection processes. I was visiting a lot of different sites, and Yamada’s was one of them. As soon as I saw the images being fed into the automatic inspection machine, I knew intuitively that this task is well-suited for AI deep learning,” says Washitani.

 

Taisuke Washitani, Specialist, Optics & Inspection Technology Research Department,
Manufacturing Process & Inspection Technology Division, Corporate Manufacturing Engineering Center, Toshiba Corporation

He immediately proposed an AI-based quality inspection system, and the shelved inspection machine has come back to life, but in a different way.

 

“The Corporate Manufacturing Engineering Center places the needs of the site first. We try to maximize the utility of the devices and technologies used in these sites to improve the manufacturing process. In this case, we were able to make use of an automatic inspection machine that photographs balls while rotating them. We determined that if we can come up with an AI system that can evaluate whether the images are good or not, then the machine would definitely become useful,” says Washitani.

 

Capturing images of a ceramic ball while rotating them in three different directions/angles, using a line sensor

A typical deep learning algorithm was used for the AI system. “The hard part wasn’t developing the algorithm, but in the more tedious parts,” says Washitani, reflecting on the fact that the AI system did not perform as expected in the beginning.

 

“AI learns from the data created by people. When the data contains ambiguities, i.e. images that would be marked defective by some inspectors but not others, the AI’s judgement also becomes ambiguous. Therefore, we weren’t able to get the kind of accuracy that we needed.

 

What we ended up doing to improve the accuracy was simply to not feed any ambiguous images to the AI. This was a tedious way to solve the problem, but it worked. Once the AI became relatively usable, we implemented it in the sites, and had people check the AI’s judgment to improve the algorithm. The process took a long time, with the AI learning like this for about a year and a half, and the algorithm improving little by little,” says Washitani.

 

Many people hear AI and think of it as something akin to magic. In order for AI systems to actually be usable in sites, they need the right training data and the proper adjustment by on-site engineers. The development of such AI-based quality inspection may have been possible only because Toshiba owns many AI patents.

How MLOps dramatically reduces inspection times and labor costs

And so the AI system was implemented for quality inspection. This, however, was just the beginning of the story. This is because the accuracy of this kind of AI quality inspection fluctuates with the slightest of changes to preceding conditions, such as the way that the light hits the ceramic balls or changes to the material itself. In order to maintain accuracy, the AI system must be adjusted to account for these changes. In other words, it is not enough to operate the system—it must also be maintained. This is where MLOps comes in.

 

MLOps is a term that combines “machine learning” with “operation.” Tomoya Kobatake, who develops MLOps systems at Toshiba’s Digital Innovation Technology Center says, “These systems automate the entire life cycle of an AI system, from checking accuracy to updating its learning processes.”

 

Tomoya Kobatake, Specialist, Service Platform Division, Technology Development Office,
Digital Innovation Technology Center, Toshiba Corporation

“Our ceramic balls go through slight changes about every year and a half due to changes in material and other factors. To keep up the accuracy of the quality inspections, we have to continually update the AI system itself. The MLOps system automates that process,” says Kobatake.  

 

Earlier, Washitani mentioned the “tedious” way in which they had initially improved the accuracy of the AI system. “I think if we’d used MLOps from the start, we could’ve done that more efficiently,” he says. It turns out that the MLOps system in question had not been ready in time for the development of the ceramic ball quality inspection AI. As such, it had been implemented after the AI system was already in operation.

 

MLOps system

“By implementing MLOps across all of our AI systems going forward, we would be able to shorten development times, maintain and improve accuracy, and reduce the manpower needed to operate the AI systems. The team in charge of the MLOps system is small and flexible, the company itself is making and implementing decisions quicker, and there’s a lot of horizontal collaboration going on. We want to use these strengths to implement MLOps in all the different areas of Toshiba,” says Kobatake.

 

This was how the AI-based quality inspection system for the Toshiba ceramic balls came to be. And indeed, it has been noticeably effective at resolving the labor shortage issue that the process has long faced.

 

“We’ve been able to dramatically reduce the time spent on these inspections. Ceramic balls are expensive compared to their metal counterparts. They have so many different strengths, and yet they haven’t been able to replace the metal ones precisely because of this particular issue. If we’re able to reduce the cost through AI quality inspection, we’ll be able to lower the price of the products themselves,” says Yamada.  

 

As mentioned at the start of the article, the use of EVs is accelerating with the push towards carbon neutrality. This will mean a further increase in the demand for ceramic balls. Toshiba’s plan is to build a new production building and increase production capacity by 150% of what it was in FY2021.  

 

Finally, we asked the three members about their impressions of the project.

 

“The expansion of ceramic ball production will make quality inspection even more important. There will be discrepancies in judgment even amongst experienced inspectors, and the number of experienced inspectors is declining to begin with. With AI, we’ll be able to judge quality at the same standards, and be able to save manpower. This provides greater value not just to Toshiba, but to our customers,” says Yamada.

 

“The Corporate Manufacturing Engineering Center works to automate various sites as the research wing of Toshiba as a whole. We want to share and implement the expertise that we’ve gained from one site, like in this project, with others, and cross-pollinate in that way,” says Washitani.

 

“Toshiba possesses first-rate technologies across research, development, and production. The goal is to utilize our strengths 120%, and do the things that only we can do as Toshiba, as much as possible and as quickly as we can. MLOps is a platform to achieve this goal. We want to link Toshiba’s cutting-edge AI systems to various different businesses, and contribute to our customers and society overall,” says Kobatake.

 

*Market share in silicon nitride balls (as of July 2022); in-house study